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Habitat fragmentation fundamentally affects trophic interactions and ecosystem function.
Thus, the dynamic behaviors present in the trophic interactions of aquatic ecosystems are highly complex.
These trophic interactions dominate in the upper layer and are visible in landing statistics (Fig. 12).
When studying diet and trophic interactions the δ15N enrichment of sources needs to be considered.
If management and conservation goals are to be achieved then it is pivotal to understand how humans influence trophic interactions and how trophic interactions are affected by context.
For this reason, trophic interactions have a fundamental character due to the principle of mass conservation.
Indirect effects of trophic interactions appear to be equally significant as direct effects.
Thus they provide a ready-to-use approach for unravelling trophic interactions among soil arthropods.
This aspect directly links to the acknowledgement of NP-induced alterations in horizontal and vertical trophic interactions with food webs.
As long-lived organisms, trees use resources to support both growth and below- and aboveground trophic interactions.
Weak trophic interactions have been shown to promote the stability of ecological food webs characterized by perfect mixing.
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