Sentence examples for trophic complexity from inspiring English sources

The effects of elevated CO2 on marine organisms are variable and species-specific but can also have cascading effects on communities and ecosystems, with marine benthic communities at some natural analogue sites (e.g. volcanic vents) showing decreased diversity, biomass, and trophic complexity.

With this in mind, it can be argued that the ecofunctional importance of Astomonema in the community is transferring the energy contained in available sulphur compounds into nematode biomass so that the high trophic complexity of the community is sustained by providing a food source to nematode predators/scavengers and macrofauna.

Since the degree of asynchrony in our empirical, resource-consumer metapopulations is dependent on trophic interactions and assemblage complexity, it certainly follows that reducing community complexity, in particular in small, fragmented habitats, will reduce the efficacy of metapopulation rescue effects.

Despite this complexity, four trophic structures were identified.

E. g. the sensitivity coefficient decreases with complexity of trophic links in an ecosystem for top-down controlled systems and impact of degree of openness on sensitivity e.g. closed ecosystems show higher sensitivity then fully open ecosystem to impacts also bottom-up control system show less sensitivity then top-down.

Even though the mechanisms behind these species-specific responses are not yet clear, this study highlights the complexity of trophic shifts among generalist consumers receiving resource subsidies.

This study highlights the potential of stable isotope analyses in disentangling the nature and complexity of trophic relationships in symbiotic systems.

Agro-ecosystems are often simplified ecosystems, with few native species and a low complexity of trophic networks, which makes them highly susceptible to invasion by exotic pests or pathogens (Shea and Chesson 2002; Perrings 2011).

The interplay between the 2 main competing "top-down" regulators of algal blooms in viruses-vector association as demonstrated in our current study adds a new perspective to the complexity of trophic interactions and on mechanisms of pathogen transmission in the oceans.

None have yet considered an entire community, multiple trophic levels or ecosystem-level complexity.

Whether community stability in a changing climate relates to dynamic complexity at individual trophic levels, as opposed to complexity of entire food webs (sensu[ 34]), should prove to be a fruitful and important pursuit in future research.