12 When analyzed by maternal 25(OH)D3 concentration at various time points—i.e., baseline, by trimester, throughout pregnancy as mean, median, and area under the curve, or at delivery the group taking 4000 IU/day attained optimal 1,25(OH)2D3 conversion from 25(OH)D3 throughout pregnancy at considerably higher rates than groups taking lower doses.
In the open-label RCT published in this issue of Diabetes Care (7), 110 nonobese gravidas, whose only risk factor for GDM was a first-degree relative with diabetes, were given myo-inositol 2 g twice daily along with folic acid 400 µg twice daily from the end of the first trimester throughout the remainder of the pregnancy.
Javins et al. (2013) reported a consistent decreasing trend of PFCs throughout all trimesters for pregnancy.
It is not known whether the mother actually ingested the medicine but by reviewing the repeat dispensing of SSRIs throughout the trimesters of pregnancy, adherence to the medicines may be inferred.
Normal testicular development and descent in humans is strongly dependent on normal sex hormone balance [1] and may thus be sensitive to adverse environmental and lifestyle exposures not only in the first trimester but throughout the entire pregnancy.
GDM was diagnosed by WHO criteria from 1999 in first trimester and throughout pregnancy and by modified IADPSG criteria (i.e. lacking the 1-h plasma glucose value) in first trimester.
Compared with nonsmokers, lower mean birth weight has been reported for infants born to women who reported cigarette smoking during the first trimester or throughout pregnancy (range, 55 189 g) (Cliver et al. 1995).
However, active maternal smoking only in the first trimester and active maternal smoking in the second and/or third trimesters but not throughout pregnancy were not significantly associated with SGA.
All available studies show that it only affects children of mothers who chronically abuse alcohol throughout all three trimesters of pregnancy.
All subjects were studied at multiple, pre-specified time points throughout all three trimesters of pregnancy.
Further studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of healthcare interventions in pregnant women with asthma over different trimesters, as pulmonary function changes throughout pregnancy in asthmatic women [ 6, 43, 46].
