Cervical mucus immunoglobulin G decreased from a first-trimester high of 44.4 mg/dL to lower levels in the second and third trimesters.
For the urinary and salivary cotinine levels in the second and third trimesters, high correlations were observed, better for saliva-urine than for saliva-creatinine-corrected urine.
The placenta limits the transfer of Cd from mother to fetus after the first trimester, but high cord blood Cd in infants may suggest high maternal exposure.
High PM2.5 levels > 15 μg/m during the third trimester or high when averaged over the entire pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of preterm birth <37 weeks of gestation, adjOR 1.28 (CI 1.20, 1.37) and adjOR 1.19 (CI 1.09, 1.30), respectively (Table 4).
Based on trimester-specific high exposure periods, high exposure during the third trimester of pregnancy are also significantly associated with increased preterm birth risk.
Women in second and third trimester had higher uptake than women in first trimester, with HR = 2.8 and 2.3, respectively, at the start of seasonal campaigns.
HbA1c levels were also assessed in each trimester, using high-performance liquid chromatography (Bio-Rad, Strasbourg, France).
On average, PM10 and NO2 exposure levels during first trimester were higher than during second and third trimester, and postnatal exposure levels were lower than prenatal exposure levels.
Pregnant women with lower adiponectin levels at 1st trimester have higher levels of insulin resistance and are more likely to develop GDM independently of adiposity or glycemic measurements.
The TrialNet Nutritional Intervention to Prevent type 1 diabetes (NIP) (27) is a pilot study that enrolled pregnant women in their 3rd trimester expecting high-risk babies based on family history.
