We also reported that hyperthermia triggers down-regulation of c-FLIPL (long form of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein), an anti-apoptotic molecule, through ubquitination in several colon cancer cell lines [ 50].
Cell detachment from the ECM in normal epithelial cells and endothelial cells simultaneously triggers down-regulation of Bcl-xL (an anti-apoptotic component of the mitochondrial pathway) and up-regulation of Fas ligand (FasL) (an activator of the death receptor pathway) within a minute resulting in anoikis.
The binding of LPS to TLR4 triggers down-stream signaling cascades, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) [ 27] and the nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-B) pathways [ 28], which lead to the production of inflammatory mediators from macrophages, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide (NO) [ 29].
In July 2015, the inquest jury concluded that police may have believed Begley to be carrying a knife that could be used to injure himself and others, but said the officer "inappropriately used the Taser by holding the trigger down longer so that it was deployed for over eight seconds, which is not reasonable use in the circumstances".
Another set of examples are genes responsible for sensing microbes and triggering down-stream cell signalling pathways.
and induces either antagonistic (i.e., blocking or neutralizing) or agonistic effects (i.e., activating), triggering down-stream pharmacological effects, leading to efficacy and/or unwanted side effects.
That habituation of pain involves the antinociceptive system (notably the cingulated cortex) which may trigger down-stream, potentially opioid-dependent mechanism, must be underlined [94].
Understanding how the unfolded protein response trigger down-regulation of CEBPα and lead to differentiation blockage opens new possibilities for the design of anti-AML therapeutic strategies.
Ub is the signal triggering down-regulation of Gap1.
Indeed, there are now examples of pathogens triggering down-regulation of host genes (e.g. [48]); this is clearly an area that merits further investigation.
On the other hand, anticancer treatments (chemotherapies, radiation therapy) trigger down-regulation of SphK1 activity in various cancer cell and animal models suggesting that SphK1 could act as a "sensor" to anticancer therapies particularly in prostate cancer [36], [37].
