Another set of examples are genes responsible for sensing microbes and triggering down-stream cell signalling pathways.
and induces either antagonistic (i.e., blocking or neutralizing) or agonistic effects (i.e., activating), triggering down-stream pharmacological effects, leading to efficacy and/or unwanted side effects.
Ub is the signal triggering down-regulation of Gap1.
Indeed, there are now examples of pathogens triggering down-regulation of host genes (e.g. [48]); this is clearly an area that merits further investigation.
The amyloid hypothesis in Alzheimer disease (AD) considers amyloid β peptide (Aβ) deposition causative in triggering down-stream events like neurofibrillary tangles, cell loss, vascular damage and memory decline.
That habituation of pain involves the antinociceptive system (notably the cingulated cortex) which may trigger down-stream, potentially opioid-dependent mechanism, must be underlined [94].
While reduced stomatal conductance may limit net photosynthesis (ACO2) during drought, intense water deficits can also trigger down-regulation of the entire photosynthetic apparatus [ 10].
In contrast, exposure of the same type of cells to CN triggered down-regulation of ERK1, ITGB1, and PRKCA gene-expression in MCTS only, but decreased expression of CAV2 and IL8 in both, AD and MCTS cells.
Tomato, while its target was induced [ 70], suggesting that biotic stress can trigger down-regulation of Cu-miRNA, increasing the steady-state of their targets, generating a burst of oxidative stress.
Cell detachment from the ECM in normal epithelial cells and endothelial cells simultaneously triggers down-regulation of Bcl-xL (an anti-apoptotic component of the mitochondrial pathway) and up-regulation of Fas ligand (FasL) (an activator of the death receptor pathway) within a minute resulting in anoikis.
For HPV16, for instance, direct interaction of E5 with the hydrophobic domain of HLA class I heavy chain was found to prevent its transport to the cell surface [ 61], whereas HPV16 E7 can trigger down-regulation of HLA class I gene transcription [ 62].
