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We next aimed to determine if LILFU waveforms were also capable of triggering action potentials in CA1 pyramidal neurons.
Additionally, optical stimulation of serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei evokes glutamatergic potentials in hippocampal interneurons capable of triggering action potentials [15].
In neuronal cells expressing CrChR2, light causes an inward flow of cations along the electrochemical gradient causing a depolarization of the neuronal membrane and triggering action potentials.
Although they were first recorded over 40 years ago, it is not clear how important the Na+ spikes are for triggering action potentials.
Depending on the preferred parameters, it can induce either immediate activation by triggering action potentials in the stimulated region, or temporary virtual 'lesions' by inhibiting activation in the given region (Ruff et al., 2009).
The simplest interpretation of these data is that exogenously applied glutamate activates NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptors, causing a large depolarization, and frequently triggering action potentials, with Ca2+ entering through both NMDA receptors and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.
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It shortened action potential duration (APD) in isolated rat ventricular myocytes, and increased the threshold current for triggering action potential, but had no effect on the inward rectifier K+ current IK1.
While 75% of 4 Hz stimulations triggered action potentials, at 8 and 16 Hz, only the first light pulses evoked an action potential while the following light flashes evoked only excitatory potentials, indicating depolarization block (Fig. 2a, b).
A depolarizing current (1 s duration, 200 pA) was injected into small DRG neurons to trigger action potentials.
Large error bars show that the first small current pulse can trigger action potentials in this instance.
The large error bars in response to the first pulse show that a small current pulse can indeed trigger action potentials contrary to deterministic predictions.
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