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In astrocytes, however, TNF-α triggered iron retention, whereas TGF-β1 induced its release.
Similar downregulation of genes involved in carbon fixation was reported by Shcolnick et al. (2009) following the induction of iron stress by DFB, and it can also be observed in the data by Houot et al. (2007), which had triggered iron stress without the use of a chelator.
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38, 39 Hence, inflammatory cytokines could trigger iron release from oligodendrocytes, similar to the effect of TGF-β1 on astrocytes.
Most recently, it was suggested that in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, sorafenib can trigger iron-dependent death (Louandre et al., 2013).
Patients with a fatty liver index >60 show an increased risk of atherosclerosis, which is tentatively explained by incorporation of GGT into plaques, where it might trigger iron-dependent oxidation of low-density lipoprotein.
It is highly expressed in the liver and participates in a transmembrane signaling pathway triggered by iron deficiency and suppresses hepcidin expression by cleaving membrane-bound hemojuvelin (mHJV) to increase iron absorption [ 38].
These ratios were likely caused by simultaneous anaerobic fermentation, microbial respiration, and methanogenesis suppression triggered by iron reduction.
Symptoms typically develop in late adulthood and can be triggered by iron overload, alcohol intake, oestrogens and various liver diseases.
Addition of desferrioxamine B (DFB) did not affect the growth rate of Synechocystis during the time span of the experiment, but it triggered the iron stress response.
31 Hepcidin may trigger functional iron deficiency upon induction by TNF-α, interleukin-6, and other inflammatory stimuli, 1 resulting in reduced intestinal iron uptake at the mucosal barrier, and iron retention in the reticulo-endothelial system via internalisation of the same exclusive cellular iron exporter ferroportin on both cell types.
Independent from AreA and AtfA, activation of the terrein biosynthesis gene cluster was also triggered by the iron response regulator HapX under iron limitation.
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