In contrast, the authorisation requirement is triggered by a hazard potential, including situations where these are to some extent uncertain.
It is argued that EWS should be people-centered, and used for risk prevention, with an emphasis on resilience, rather than only being triggered when a hazard occurs.
Veronica was reported as a health hazard, which triggered a letter from the council announcing a date for inspection.
Of particular concern to planning in areas susceptible to disasters are cascading hazards, where one hazard (e.g., typhoon) triggers a series of other hazards (e.g., landslides, debris flows, floods).
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation also triggers a variety of geomorphologic hazards along the continent such as the floods, landslides, and coastal erosion that affect desert areas of the Pacific coast and the floods and landslides that affect southeastern Brazil and the La Plata Basin.
Inverse queries are useful when a decision maker needs to know the lower/upper bounds of some environmental and/or meteorological-climatic parameters (pn) that may trigger a given susceptibility/hazard or risk level.
Open image in new window Fig. 2 Top Rain triggered landslide hazard map (annual exceedance rate); Bottom Map of levels of intervention by lots for urban planning of Manizales based on the level of hazard and risk (very low, low, moderate, high, and very high).
Kelman and Glantz (2014) believe that developing EWS is a social process aimed at addressing the need to prevent the harm triggered by hazards, but EWS does not started with a hazard manifesting.
Concerning the damage of building in hilly area by earthquake, through a case study of two cities in Indian Himalayas, Singh et al. (2015) concluded it is mainly due to the combination of a number of factors, including topographic amplification, earthquake triggered ground failure hazard and higher vulnerability of hill buildings due to irregular structural configurations.
Estimation of the return period of slope instability represents a quantitative method to map landslide triggering hazard on a catchment.
The consequence-based scheme does not need a triggering hazard event (or its likelihood) and is an apt structural design approach for black swan events.
