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This response to starvation is similar to that described in Onthophagus, where starvation is known to trigger metamorphosis [55].
Hym-248 is one member of the GLWamide peptide family, which is thought to act hormonally to trigger metamorphosis in some hydrozoan and coral species [31], [45] [46].
Ordered arrays of MAC (metamorphosis-associated contractile structure) produced by biofilm-producing Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolaceae trigger metamorphosis in larvae of a marine invertebrate upon contact with the sessile bacteria (Shikuma et al. 2014).
When the larva reaches a critical mass, the production of high levels of steroid hormone ecdysone antagonizes Ilps to terminate growth and trigger metamorphosis (Colombani et al., 2005; Layalle et al., 2008).
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Transgene-induced activation of PI3K, the major effector of IIS, within the PG advances the onset of metamorphosis via precocious ecdysone synthesis, raising the possibility that IIS triggers metamorphosis via PI3K activation in the PG.
In addition, taken together with previous findings, our observations are consistent with the possibility that, in Drosophila, attainment of a specific body size triggers metamorphosis via the IIS mediated activation of PI3K and hence ecdysone synthesis in the PG.
In the hemimetabolan B. germanica, the present study shows that expression of let-7, miR-100 and miR-125 concentrates in the last nymphal instar, having an expression burst around the peak of 20E that triggers metamorphosis.
But when Shikuma and his colleagues knocked out the genes and cultured the mutant bacteria together with tubeworm larvae, they did not trigger a metamorphosis.
One possibility was that the loss of JH shortened a key growth phase and triggered premature metamorphosis, causing smaller larvae to transform into smaller adults.
These developmental differences with or without metamorphosis trigger the differences in caste systems at least to some extent [ 7, 8].
This is why choking is so dramatic: it triggers a psychological metamorphosis.
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