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At low trigger concentrations assumed to be relevant for thrombosis prevention, the potency of both mechanisms of action is similar, but at high trigger concentrations, relevant for bleeding risk assessment, the effect of direct inhibition is smaller.
In other words, the mechanism of direct Factor Xa inhibition shows a steeper dependency on TF trigger concentrations than vitamin K-dependent inhibition of the coagulation systems.
All four scenarios are considered to be more closely related to physiological conditions than classical ex vivo laboratory tests, where trigger concentrations many orders of magnitude higher than those occurring in vivo have to be used for practical reasons.
Second, the trigger concentrations of pharmaceuticals that prompt risk assessment under the FDA and EMEA guidance differ by a factor of 10 when dilution is taken into account.
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About 50 new drugs come onto the market in the United States each year, and approximately a dozen of those are predicted to occur above the trigger concentration requiring them to undergo the first level, or Tier A, of risk assessment testing.
Sensory irritation involves stimulation of the trigeminal nerve (fifth cranial nerve), and near triggering concentrations is generally considered to be a physiological and not a toxic response in that no tissue damage or cellular injury is involved (Gaffney and Paustenbach, 2007; Paustenbach and Gaffney, 2006; Dalton, 2002, 2003).
Addition of ammonium to yeast cells expressing the AmTrac/MepTrac sensors triggered concentration-dependent and reversible changes in fluorescence intensity (De Michele et al., 2013).
Addition of ammonium to yeast cells expressing the AmTrac sensor triggers concentration-dependent and reversible changes in fluorescence intensity (De Michele et al., 2013).
Addition of ammonium to yeast cells expressing the sensors triggered concentration-dependent fluorescence intensity (FI) changes that strictly correlated with the activity of the transporter.
T cell treatment with lenalidomide or pomalidomide (0·1 10 μmol/l) for 6 h, triggered concentration-dependent degradation of Aiolos and Ikaros.
By triggering concentration-dependent state changes in the expression of transcription factors or induction of epigenetic processes, metabolites are able to influence cancer pathogenesis and therefore may play a critical role during tumor progression.
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