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To trigger aggregation, ctDNA, λDNA or pBR322 DNA at given doses was added into the mixtures.
Thus, in addition to the shorter Mca1432 version, theoretically also the longer Mca1 version could be expressed by their construct, perhaps at a level that could not be detected under their assay conditions but sufficient to trigger aggregation of Mca1.
While the metalated WT enzyme does not aggregate at neutral pH, either removal of copper and zinc or reduction of the intramolecular disulfide bond is sufficient to trigger aggregation.
So, in the presence of a reduced amount of DJ-1 TAT-α-syn aggregation can start at a nanomolar scale that is normally protective and too low to trigger aggregation by itself.
Misfolded α-syn could spread from one cell to another and trigger aggregation of α-syn in the recipient cell.
Hence, the pathological mechanisms do not necessarily require a mutation in the protein sequence to trigger aggregation.
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A series of recent studies has shown, however, that when aggregates were injected into the brains of recipient animals, they triggered aggregation of the cognate soluble protein in the host [ 1].
They reported that nucleozin, a small molecule compound that triggers aggregation and inhibits the nuclear accumulation of NP, can inhibit the replication of influenza virus at a nanomolar median effective concentration (EC50) (Kao et al., 2010).
Protein misfolding can be deleterious by triggering aggregation and insolubilization.
Moreover, we have shown that DOPAL is toxic to neurons at physiological concentrations in vitro [19], [21] and also triggers aggregation of α-synuclein [21].
We have shown previously that DOPAL is toxic to PC12 cells in vitro at dosages as low as 6.6 µM [19] and triggers aggregation of α-synuclein in vitro at dosages as low as 1.5 µM [21].
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