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This restoration appeared to trigger a trait-mediated trophic cascade.
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Such indirect trophic effects are known as a "trait-mediated trophic cascade".
We quantified a trait-mediated direct effect of human presence on predators (i.e., displacement) that had a trait-mediated indirect effect on prey species.
When predators influence the distribution of prey it is called a trait-mediated or behaviorally-mediated direct effect [5], [6].
In particular, high-human disturbance can displace large carnivore predators, a trait-mediated direct effect.
Oviposition site selection affects spatial distribution of IG prey independent of the level of IGP risk, which in turn may trigger indirect trait-mediated effects on the shared prey (e.g. Werner & Peacor 2003; Walzer et al. 2009).
These findings indicate that HMC and EMT-HMC activated by IFN-α2b trigger a TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in PEL cells.
There was a consistent positive trait-mediated indirect effect of predators on algal biomass, across all resource levels and prey states.
Resource availability affects recolonization success and resulting distribution patterns, but top-down processes may also play a role through density-mediated or trait-mediated indirect effects that may exclude a species from otherwise suitable habitat.
Thus, oncogene-mediated hyperplasia may trigger a stress-mediated stromal reaction that initiates a vicious cycle promoting tumour invasion.
The ability of α-thrombin to trigger a PAR1-mediated activation of NF-κB was thereby verified.
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