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In contrast, in both trials variation in MOE between these trees was typically higher in EW than in LW in each ring, suggesting that EW tissues formed in spring could be a major contributor to overall variation in wood stiffness.
Cooper et al 21 also utilized a random effects model, but only for analyses that included more than one trial arm (since between trials variation cannot be estimated when only one trial is available).
Even within the 14 high dose trials, variation between trials was larger than expected, supporting our pre-defined strategy of focusing on fall efficacy from double blind trials with sufficient fall assessment.
Interpretation of analyses was complicated by considerable heterogeneity among the studies, which may be due to the lack of randomised controlled trials, variation in ALA sources and dietary patterns, variation in ALA exposure levels, differences in FFQs and food databases, variation in adjustment factors, follow-up duration and study design.
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Even for ostensibly 'objective' instruments such as the ADAS-Cog, which is the most widely used measure of cognitive change in AD trials, variations in forms, administration procedures, and scoring rules exist [ 51].
All models had small between-trial variation in the mean and we therefore conclude they can be reliably used to estimate force from EMG on a group level.
In a study of single and two-layered networks of theta neurons [9], STR was analyzed using Lyapunov exponents and synaptic variance in the context of local noise, trial-to-trial variation affecting only select neuron, and global noise, trial-to-trial variation as an input to the entire network.
This is typically the hope when constructing an average; it does not contain all the information present in the original collection of responses, but does include a substantial part of the signal, as opposed to the noise responsible for trial-to-trial variation.
Although a six-parameter affine transform was used to correct for movement during preprocessing, it was conceivable that a residual influence might bias the GLM estimates if movement happened to be correlated with trial-by-trial variation in RT.
To test for the presence of systematic relations between RT and brain activation, the present study sought to assess the relationship between trial-by-trial variation in RT and brain activation at a relatively broad, task-independent level.
This implies that cross-trial variation in this early sensory-evoked component occurred largely orthogonal to cross-trial variation in the later (putatively decision-related) component.
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