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It is possible for results of trials to differ because of differences in the types of patients involved, that is if certain treatments were more effective in some groups of patients than others.
In more complex networks involving head-to-head trials, the 2 adjustment models could be generalized to allow the expected publication bias or small-study bias for active-active trials to differ from that of the expected bias in trials comparing active and inactive treatments [ 36].
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Limitations of the research reported here include the fact that participants in clinical trials tend to differ from the larger patient population in a number of ways.
In other words, the Risk Difference Model allows the two trial arms to differ in their initial lung cancer risk.
Although the 2 varieties selected for this trial were predicted to differ in digestibility, these differences were not great enough to influence milk yield or composition of lactating cows.
Although the protocols for imaging to assess response for clinical trials are likely to differ considerably from those required to assess individual clinical response in routine practice, the key to accurate, reproducible assessment, for both types of practice, is the involvement of a radiologist experienced in oncological imaging.
There was heterogeneity between trials ascribed to differing patient populations with specific tumour characteristics, specifically the recruitment of resection margin-positive patients.
Retrospective exploration of the heterogeneity identified one trial that seemed to differ from the others.
These trials did not seem to differ between intervention groups (risk ratio 1.62, 95% confidence interval 0.34 to 7.71, 1721 participants; I=0%, P=0.65).
Since the Séralini group had set out to repeat the 90-day feeding trial by Monsanto but to differ with regard to the extended testing time and parameters measured, the choice of rat was appropriate in order to allow for comparability with regard to this factor.
Although DBPC RCTs are considered to provide the best available clinical evidence, their patient inclusion and exclusion criteria are often highly restrictive and the number of recruited patients is often limited; hence, a trial population will tend to differ from the population of patients encountered in real-life medical practice [ 15].
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