At 2 Hz stimulation, for successful trials, threshold pulse number was 21.3 without drug and 6.0 in the presence of Gαs agonist for dSPNs, and 17.4 vs. 8.7 pulses for iSPNs (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.0025 and p = 0.0048 for d- and iSPN comparisons, respectively; N = 12 and 13 induction trials for dSPN control vs. in the presence of agonist, with 16 and 17 induction trials for iSPNs, respectively).
Their performance is typically worse if the maskers are unpredictable (changing from trial to trial); thresholds in the presence of such maskers can differ among individual, normally-hearing listeners by up to 59 dB [23] [25].
Figure 8 The normalized detector responses for a set of right keys and wrong trials; the threshold is not optimal for the considered region.
A fluctuating stimulus that is frozen across trials yields threshold crossings that are more robust with occasional large amplitude fluctuations, thus making the spike timing more reliable.
From the distribution of highest Z values in trials, the threshold value of Z at p = 0.01 (Z0.01) was 3.86; and, Z0.05 was 3.36; and, Z0.20 was 2.80.
Furthermore, on the basis of an evaluation of the reliability of the measures obtained in this study, fewer than the 200 250 trials per threshold estimate would be required for reliable estimates of performance in the future.
Theoretical models designed to explain how target-absent responses occur in visual searching propose that, during the course of a trial, evidence accumulates toward a trial quitting threshold (Wolfe & Van Wert, 2010).
Immediately prior to each trial, perceptual threshold (PT) was determined for each stimulation site.
Over the course of 3 weeks, during which each animal completed approximately 3000 trials, ILD thresholds gradually improved for 1-kHz tones (F2,85 = 10.71, P = 0.0001; mixed-effects anova; Fig. 5C).
We calculated the number of patients in each treatment group in each trial achieving various Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IMMPACT) thresholds of pain relief over baseline of ⩾15% (minimal benefit), ⩾30% (moderate), ⩾50% (substantial) 27 and ⩾70% which we defined as extensive improvement.
In a randomized controlled trial comparing thresholds of Hb ≤ 7 g/dL vs. ≤ 9 g/dL in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, comparable outcomes including mortality were obtained [1], while in an observational study of those patients, higher Hb levels were associated with lower mortality [2].
