Startle trial sound pulses (30 ms duration) were delivered at a range of intensities (80, 90, 100, 110, 120 dB) and 3 blocks of 110 dB pulses were presented at the beginning, middle and end of the session to measure within-session habituation.
The rape trial sounds much like one that might take place now (although the phrase "Are you willing to confirm your testimony under the torture of thumbscrews?" is rarely heard these days).
For each test trial, the "sound only" was played followed by a jittered interval (3.5 s+/−1.5 s) where only a fixation cross was presented.
In gap trials, a sound gap was embedded in a narrow bandpass background sound (1 kHz bandwidth centered at 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 32 kHz presented at 70 dB), which was followed by the startle stimulus (20 ms white noise burst at 104 dB); a 50-ms sound gap was introduced 130 ms before the startle stimulus.
First, under the hypothesis that looming sounds (green bars) affect the perceived in-depth orientation of orthographic plws, relative to trials without sound (blue bars), we should observe an increase in performance for trials containing receding plws and a decrease in performance for trials containing looming plws.
Second, under the hypothesis that receding sounds (red bars) affect the perceived in-depth orientation of orthographic plws, relative to trials without sound (blue bars) we should observe a decrease in performance for trials containing receding walkers and an increase in performance for trials containing looming walkers.
Although the lead author Dr Robert Langer referred to the trials as "sound", there were problems: the average age of actual participants was 63, yet the findings were initially presented as pertaining to all menopausal women.
In this systematic review and meta-analysis of weaning protocols, most trials had sound methods and had a low risk of bias.
On Side LED trials, no sound is played during the fixation period and one of the side ports is illuminated once the rat withdraws from the center port to indicate that reward is available there.
Especially, due to the combination of interventions in the collaborative care trials with sound methodology, e.g. [ 19- 21], it is impossible to identify the effective components of compound treatments or to evaluate the superiority of one treatment (e.g. antidepressants) above another (e.g. cognitive behavioral therapy, problem solving training).
