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Transcranial magnetic stimulation, the other type of stimulation being tested for migraines in large trials, does not require a surgical procedure.
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Some trials do not require equipoise, and not all trials with equipoise are ethically justified.
These training trials do not require hippocampal function, as surgical and pharmacological controls show similar performance as normal rats on these trials.
On the other hand, all but two trials did not require confirmation of the absence of BM before PCI [ 1– 4, 6– 20], which raised the possibility that these previous trials contained more patients actually having BM at the time of PCI.
Since the 100 Hz stimuli were easily distinguished from 40 Hz stimuli and these trials did not require accumulation (all clicks on one side), rats probably made their decision quickly.
Since this trial did not require prostate biopsies following treatment, the rate of loco-regional control is likely an overestimate.
However, the design of the trial did not require independent scorers for the 2 scales and thus conclusions regarding the agreement are somewhat limited.
The design of the trial did not require any special training for the surgeons, which also enhances the external validity of our results.
At the recent XVI International AIDS Conference in Toronto, UNAIDS presented an ethical argument as to why trial participants that seroconvert during a trial do not require access to effective treatment [ 36].
Similarly, because the study design of the long-term trial did not require a defined washout period for those participants directly rolling over from the short-term study, there is a potential for carryover effect.
Our study indicates that fostering European clinical research and attracting more trials to Europe does not require additional government spending.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com