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In randomized controlled clinical trials, continuous outcomes are typically measured at both baseline and follow-up, and mean difference could be estimated using the change scores from baseline or the follow-up scores.
As in clinical trials, continuous outcome measures in pharmacogenetic studies are more likely to be surrogates for more clinically relevant binary outcomes.
During these trials, continuous EEG was recorded.
In clinical trials, continuous outcomes, such as intraocular pressure and visual acuity, are often measured both before treatment (ie, at baseline) and after treatment.
Although the efficacy of ZWD on BP was reported in all the included trials, continuous BP was reported in only one trial 38 and categorical BP was used in the other six trials.
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In some cases, the CS is paired with the US on every trial (continuous pairing), whereas in other conditioning designs, CS and US are paired intermittently.
They were then trained to press two levers (A and B) for sucrose reinforcement, and were exposed to a discrete-trials continuous reinforcement schedule in which the two levers were presented in random sequence for three sessions.
They were then trained to press the levers by providing reinforcers intermittently, in the absence of the levers, for three sessions (50 reinforcers per session), followed by three sessions of exposure to a discrete-trials continuous reinforcement schedule, in which each lever was presented intermittently, and a single response resulted in retraction of lever and delivery of the reinforcer.
They were then trained to press the lever by providing reinforcers intermittently, in the absence of the lever, for three sessions (50 reinforcers per session), followed by three sessions of exposure to a discrete-trials continuous reinforcement schedule, in which one lever was presented intermittently, and a single response resulted in retraction of lever and delivery of a food pellet.
Then the rats in the adjusting-delay, adjusting-magnitude and no-delay groups were trained to press two levers (A and B) for a sucrose reinforcer (50 μl of a 0.6 M solution), and were exposed to a discrete-trials continuous reinforcement schedule in which the two levers were presented in random sequence for three sessions.
During the tolerance phase of the trial, continuous data were analyzed using analysis of variance and categorical data were analyzed using chi-square or Fisher's exact test.
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