In a noise-driven decision scenario, ramping activities observed in peristimulus time histograms would be an artifact of averaging single trials characterized by sharp firing rate transitions for the first stage, and a genuine reflection of single trial features for the second stage.
In its original form, this game is difficult to apply in the context of RCTs[ 8] because, as discussed below, it does not take trust into account, which is essential for enrollment of patients into experimental clinical trials characterized with hope-for-benefits and unknown harms.
However, a significant percentage (5% to 30%) of patients in intensive care units (ICUs) fail spontaneous ventilation trials, characterizing difficult weaning [ 10].
Alternative approaches to managing the large and heterogeneous placebo response in OAB drug trials in the future might be to develop and validate more objective endpoints for OAB trials, characterize more drug-responsive subpopulations of patients, and/or to explore different trial designs that can reduce population heterogeneity (e.g. relapse prevention).
We used a comparative trial characterized by a run-in phase followed by a double-blind period during which the subjects received either CIN or SV.
37– 41 Furthermore, the US leuprolide acetate trial and the triptorelin trial characterized initial testosterone flares/surges within their patient populations.
This investigation into the natural history of type 1 diabetes, using the data from a large, contemporary prevention trial, characterizes the prognostic value of immunologic and metabolic markers in predicting progression to type 1 diabetes in a high-risk population who had demonstrated ICAs and experienced either loss of FPIR or AGT.
Interestingly, patients in the intervention group (spontaneous awakening trials + spontaneous breathing trials) were characterized by more days of breathing without assistance, earlier discharge from the ICU and hospital, as well as a lower mortality in the year after randomization as compared with the control group (each P <0.05) [ 22].
Thus, over the course of the 15 trials considerable behavioral changes in latency measurements became evident: While the first one or two trials were characterized by unspecific reactions, statistical power increased in the subsequent trials, reached a maximum between trials 3 and 10, and was less pronounced in the last third of the testing session.
Transferability of results originating from randomized, controlled clinical trials is characterized by their external validity.
To date, even though based on successful pre-clinical animal studies, results of clinical trials are characterized by dampened effects attributable to difficulties in the study design (patient heterogeneity) and species differences.
