The OBR employed during the two interventional trials and the observational study that provide the data for this analysis was defined on a per patient basis, according to WHO guidelines [ 19].
It is these eight tone-alone trials that provide the stimuli for the new retrospective data analysis involving multiple effector systems shown in Figure 1 and Table 1.
In the parallel-group trials that provided these data, all patients were analyzed according to the group to which they were initially assigned, and withdrawal of randomized patients from the mortality analysis either did not occur [ 26, 27] or comprised ≤5% of randomized patients [ 21, 23, 30].
WOLVES is the first population-based trial that provides real-life data on the epidemiology of LR-HPV in young women in Germany.
It is noteworthy that this is the first trial that provide data regarding placebo-effect in uremic RLS patients.
We searched the PubMed database (January 1950 to September 2005) and references from relevant articles to identify trials that provided comparative data regarding the above-mentioned outcomes.
7 A meta-analysis was conducted for trials that provided sufficient data to weight the effect size estimates by a function of the reciprocal of the square of the standard error of the effect size estimate.
In 11 (58%) meta-analyses, we identified at least one trial that provided data for more than one intervention or control group.
7 We included systematic reviews or meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials that provided sufficient data for both direct and indirect comparison of two interventions (A and B).
The Cochrane review found a small effect of placebo on pain, which we reproduced in this review for chronic pain, but not for acute pain, possibly because we were unable to include many acute pain trials that provided no baseline data.
We were not able to obtain baseline never-smoker data for 15 trials that reported data as changes in smoking behaviour over time, and 65 trials that provided only point prevalence of smoking data.
