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In addition, we now report the electrophysiological responses of neurons activated and inhibited by CS+ and CS- stimuli in both control and DAT-NR1 KO mice during the first and last trial of conditioning on the first day.
In the first trial of conditioning, the antennae were stimulated with a droplet of 1.0 M sucrose, and a 0.4 μl droplet of the sucrose-toxin solution was delivered to the proboscis.
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Briefly, this method involves pairing an odor with a sucrose reward over six trials of conditioning to test associative learning performance.
In this case, the bees learned to perform PER toward the odor during the first four trials of conditioning as if no toxin was present and rarely refused to eat the reinforcing solution.
During the contextual recall trial of fear conditioning, all mice exhibited full retention of the context, with close to 100% freezing.
In that study early responses matched to the ISI used in delay conditioning showed significant extinction after 50 trials of trace conditioning.
The top panels in Fig. 8 show membrane potentials of a Purkinje cell at the first, 18th and 19th trials of the conditioning.
78 A meta-analysis of 23 randomised clinical trials of limb conditioning in adults undergoing cardiac surgery found reduced incidence of myocardial infarction in the limb-conditioned groups, regardless of timing.
This prediction is consistent with the experiment by Kishimoto et al. (1997), demonstrating that mutant mice lacking both NR2A and NR2C showed slower acquisition of the CR by 400 trials of the conditioning, whereas 140 trials were sufficient in wild-type mice.
In a separate experiment, we found that fewer than 30 trials of aversive conditioning involving the sequential presentation of a light stimulus and electrical stimulation of the auditory cortex were necessary to induce a visuo-auditory association in the auditory cortex of awake rats.
The present study assessed whether intravenous (IV) nicotine would condition a place preference in an unbiased design and evaluated important behavioral parameters: nicotine dose, number of conditioning trials, and infusion-to-placement interval.
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