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In the 8-weeks, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial depression severity based on Hamilton Depression Rating Scale HDRS and Beck Depression Inventory BDI decreased significantly after intervention, with a significant difference between the two groups the vitamin D + fluoxetine combination was significantly better than fluoxetine alone from the 4th week of treatment.
In 2010 we reported that among participants in the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) clinical trial, depression symptoms and ADM use on entry to the study were each independently associated with a wide range of CVD risk factors (12).
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CS-linked trial-over-trial depression of simple-spike firing was demonstrated before (Medina and Lisberger, 2008), and we have verified here that trial-over-trial depression results partly from single-trial plasticity.
Indeed, our analysis indicates that CS-linked plasticity is responsible for only half of trial-over-trial depression.
One implication is caution in assuming that trial-over-trial depression is due to CS-linked plasticity.
A cerebellar circuit model that reproduces the features of trial-over-trial depression of simple-spike firing rate and trial-over-trial learning in eye velocity.
10.7554/eLife.01574.006 Figure 4. Mechanisms of CS-linked trial-over-trial depression of simple-spike firing rate and same-trial facilitation.
The presence of trial-over-trial depression in conditions that lack same-trial facilitation, albeit with a slightly different time course, implies that trial-over-trial depression is caused partly by plasticity of simple-spike firing that is linked to CS responses.
Trial-over-trial depression in simple-spike firing rate appeared if the instruction trial contained a CS response to the instruction and the test trial did not; trial-over-trial depression did not appear when neither trial contained a CS response.
Trial '3' contains two schematics illustrating the effect of spontaneous trial-to-trial variation in the simple-spike firing rate, superimposed on the effects of trial-over-trial depression and longer-term learning.
However, the existence of 'same-trial facilitation' means that trial-over-trial depression could appear simply because of elevated simple-spike firing rate on the instruction trial, but not on the test trial.
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