In both studies, trial benefits persisted further than expected beyond the intervention.
This trial benefits from rigorous design in terms of independent randomisation, blind rated assessments, and a clearly protocolised complex intervention.
The trial benefits from extensive DUP data from UK National EDEN sites in Cambridge, Cornwall, Blackburn, Blackpool, Burnley, Lancaster and Norwich [ 18].
The trial benefited from a pragmatic setting, intention-to-treat analysis, blinding of outcome assessment and a broad socioeconomic spectrum of participants.
The five most frequent topics were informed consent, early termination of a clinical trial, benefits and risks, human biological samples, and patient rights.
We did not cover some types of collateral benefits from studies to communities, such as employment of local personnel, capacity strengthening of researchers from the region, nor post trial benefits.
In one trial, benefits of duration of mechanical ventilation were clinically relevant, with a mean reduction of 2.4 days [ 13] and up to 4 extra ventilator-free days in a subsequent trial [ 14].
In addition, the APEX trial benefits from the inclusion of a cost-effectiveness analysis and a nested qualitative study to assess the acceptability and feasibility of trial participation and of the intervention.
Conversion to McDonald MS was reported by only two of the trials: BENEFIT (2001 criteria) and REFLEX (2005 criteria).
Well-designed HCT trials benefit from standardized criteria for defining diagnoses, treatment plans, and graft source selection.
Thailand's unwillingness to fully open its health system to stateless populations would, in most cases, be a significant obstacle to external actors upholding their post-trial benefit obligations.
