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The mathematic model used to obtained the trend yield is the least-squares fit.
In Fig. 3, the detrended yields are the remainder after the actual yield data was subtracted by the trend yield.
The trend yield at the jth year Y trend j is regarded as the weighted sum in the moving window.
Crop yield (({text{Y}})) consists of trend yield (Y trend, which is generally contributed by agricultural management, technology, policies, and others), climate yield (Y climate), and random errors ((upvarepsilon)) (Eq. 1) (Ju et al. 1997; Xue et al. 2003).
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The inclusion of Phase B trend yielded more modest results than simple nonoverlap.
This urbanisation trend yields a number of challenges ranging from the identification of effective strategies on how to guarantee all the basic services (e.g. water, energy, etc).
Permadi et al. (2004) investigated the effects of vertical heterogeneity on waterflood performance and concluded that a reservoir with an increasing upward permeability trend yields better waterflood performance as compared to that of an FU trend.
Turning to the lower panel of the table, we see that neither method that uses subperiods of the 1990 2014 period to estimate the county-specific linear trend yields statistically significant results, while deployment of the Hodrick-Prescott filter no longer produces a marginally significant coefficient for the minimum wage.
However, only borderline statistical significance was achieved for UEH in the highest dose group, and neither trend yielded a good fit by regression analysis.
As a trend, yields of micelles, drug recovery (DR), and polymer recovery (PR) were decreased with increase in FL in feed.
Fitting the annual sinusoid as well as a trend yields the function of length along the hair in cm: Predicted dD = −158 −0.727 ∗ cm + 8.69 ∗ sin (−0.196 ∗ cm + 3.98) as reported in [ 7 ].
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