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(Note that this is mathematically equivalent to including a linear time trend variable in the model).
They asked that we use the Nikkei as a kind of trend variable within our model.
Column (ii) shows the results when substituting the time-specific effects with a time trend variable.
The estimated coefficient on the time trend variable is positive and statistically significant at the 1% level.
The model with the trend variable allows to test whether our dependent variables predict variance in protest mobilization over time alone.
The sign and significance of the trend variable do not change if we include a quadratic trend instead of a liner time trend.
Similar(20)
Regression coefficients for the BIC-selected trend variables, explaining a portion of the spatial variability in observed BWDO and BWHF, are provided in Table 1.
Further, no trend variables were collinear, making interpretation of the model with drivers of woody cover change (i.e. Fig. 3) simpler.
However, if I do not add the trend variables as independent variables in the empirical equations, these effects may be absorbed into the effects of cigarette prices and the enforcement of the HPL, which biases the estimators of the policies.
The trend variables corresponding to years were not significant.
The trend variables (TRD) can explain additional variance of the dependent variables in the six models.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com