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Traditional surgical risk indices are notoriously inaccurate, especially for the elderly, so there has been a trend to evaluate frailty instead.
When appropriate, caffeine consumption was also treated as a continuous variable and was incorporated in a two sided test for trend to evaluate the probability of a linear relationship between caffeine consumption and headache.
We additionally used a chi-square test for trend to evaluate if a linear trend exists between semidome size and visiting frequency.
We also calculated the prevalence of each HPV infection status category by age group, using a non-parametric test for trend to evaluate the correlation of age and any HPV infection separately for each clinic population.
Although there has been a recent trend to evaluate the effectiveness of certain tracing procedures, such as between-wave mailings [ 17– 20], relatively few cohort studies formally evaluate the cost-effectiveness of such activities [ 21], or the acceptability of these methods to participants.
When appropriate, serum glucose was also treated as a single ordinal variable (categories 1 to 4 based on quartiles) and was incorporated in a two sided test for trend to evaluate the probability of a linear relationship between glucose categories and prevalence of MSCs.
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We used Cochran-Armitage tests for trends to evaluate the improvement over time.
Reference values (population levels) for the general population may be interesting for policy makers in order to enable them to follow time trends, to evaluate further needs or assess the efficacy of environmental measures.
Therefore, we reviewed U.S. population projections and public health sector trends to evaluate the potential future changes in the vulnerability of susceptible groups to the health impacts of climate change.
We used the Cochran Armitage trend test to evaluate the trend in 30-day mortality rates from 1998 through 2009.
Additionally, these analyses permit us to quantify how our level of uncertainty in the surveillance of an indicator limits our ability to infer actual disease trends from reported trends, or to evaluate the impact of alternative interventions.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com