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Third, regarding the specification of models, all of them include potentially a double unit root in the trend of output.
This specification admits structural changes that can be reflected in sudden changes in the trend of output.
After analyzing quarterly GDP of the United States for the 1947-1998 period, the authors find that, with the exception of changes in the slope, the trend of output is deterministic.
In consequence, the trend of output appears to behave as a non-stochastic trend during most of the time, and only during periods of high volatility do large productivity shocks occur that can have an effect on the trend level.
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The developed sensor demonstrated comparatively similar trends of output signal (sensing signal) compared with that of a commercial hydrocarbon analyzer.
Chart d) shows distinctive trends of outputs to varied average operating time, mileage and driving speed.
Details on trend of the output voltage, ripple, efficiency of the device are given and discussed.
It is observed that the positive trend of sectoral output growth remains the same as in the table.
The hourly data from April 2008 and April 2015 showed a clear trend of decreasing output from the eight selected units.
Systematic errors due to a discrepancy between the actual area and the estimated value would not affect the trend of cardiac output variation over time [ 2].
The onset of the second and the third degradation stages could be detected by analyzing the trend of sensor outputs.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com