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In addition, tree bole volume estimates were compared to other established tree bole volume estimation techniques including the centroid method, taper equations, and existing standard volume tables.
Cryptogamic epiphytes are dominant tree bole and canopy elements in temperate and boreal forests, though remain neglected by mainstream forest ecology.
For validation purposes, actual volumes were determined by aggregating the volumes of measured short sections (average 1 meter) of the tree bole using Smalian's formula.
Stemflow contributions generally resulted in greater soil water recharge below 1 m depth at 0.1 m from the tree bole compared to the 1.5 m distance.
Tree bole volumes of 89 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L ., 96 Brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten)., 107 Cilicica fir (Abies cilicica Carr).
And great drunken bees, throbbing orbs that seemed to carry their own electrical resonance; when they collided with something solid – tree bole, statuary, flowerpot – they twanged back and away, the negative charge repelled by the positive".
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Like telephone poles scattered in patches across the vast landscape, tree boles linger as remnants of forests that once were.
The study was a full factorial experiment with 3 levels of organic matter removal (tree boles only; tree boles + logging slash; tree boles + logging slash + forest floors) and 3 levels of soil compaction (0, 2, 4 cm impression), with a tree species split-plot of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and hybrid white spruce (Picea glauca × engelmannii).
and examined the strange, lumpy gray forms of lichen on tree boles". This over-the-top prose gives way to matter-of-fact accounts of his pre-AIDS-era promiscuity, featuring orgies, prostitutes and bathhouses.
When Higham waxes poetic about his wealthy and abusive childhood, no literary device is left unturned: "We fished for tadpoles that flickered like living commas in the brackish stream water... and examined the strange, lumpy gray forms of lichen on tree boles".
The second, less pronounced increase in avian richness and density from years 25 to 100 was associated with (1) the redistribution of foliage to all vertical layers of the forest resulting from the increasing size and duration of canopy gaps caused by tree deaths; and (2) the increasing size and bark complexity of tree boles, which provided new foraging and nesting substrates.
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