The treatment of knowledge as contingent and provisional commands a range of comparisons, from "Rashomon" to Richard Rorty; reference points for Conrad's fragmentary method include Picasso and T. S. Eliot — who took the epigraph of "The Hollow Men" from "Heart of Darkness".
In his main work, The Natural and the Supernatural (1931), Oman developed this view in a wide-ranging treatment of knowledge and perception, of necessity and freedom, and of the history and classification of religions.
This is referred to as the semantic treatment of knowledge.
This stratification actually comes for free in the semantic treatment of knowledge, where knowledge is formalised as a modal operator.
Formalising knowledge as a predicate in a first-order logic is referred to as the syntactic treatment of knowledge.
Finally, a further challenge to Kvanvig's treatment of knowledge and understanding focusses on his claims regarding epistemic luck.
As Leplin notes, this is a "subjunctive version of reliabilism", akin to Nozick's treatment of knowledge (Leplin 2007: 33; 2009: 34 35).
This paper is focused on the representation and treatment of knowledge and data uncertainty within the context of an important industrial challenge, i.e., new product pricing.
And for this, it has long been noted that a Hintikka-style treatment of knowledge does not deal with actual knowledge, but with potential knowledge not what we know, but what we are entitled to know.
