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They found that while effective for helping students overcome some misconceptions, the tutorial's treatment of mutation was insufficient, and that the module could more explicitly contrast key concepts with misconceptions.
A full treatment of mutation would need to introduce finite population size and fixation rates, as in population genetics theory.
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Moreover, first-line treatment of mutation-negative NSCLC patients using selective EGFR TKIs is harmful and worsens PFS.
> Another specific area of weakness is the state standards' treatment of mutations.
It seems to me that a more correct treatment of mutations would be to simulate a finite population of individuals, each with a finite length gene sequence.
Although the stated goal of the analysis is to understand how the replication mode shapes the mutation distribution, the treatment of mutations seems rather lightweight, by comparison to replication dynamics, and also has confusing aspects.
To examine the possible cumulative effects of azathioprine treatment on mutation type, the Aza-treated group was divided into two subgroups, having received greater or less than 120 months of azathioprine treatment.
A manual analysis of the mutations in this patient revealed the crucial importance for treatment of a mutation in the PALB2 gene, a gene not considered to be a component of the DNA damage pathway in the signaling database at the time of the initial analysis, even though it was clearly associated with the pathway in the scientific literature [ 27].
We find it gratifying that our probabilistic treatment of nucleotide mutation predicts the same result.
Bearing in mind that as many as 44% of the triple-negative patients in our study expressed ERβ, we propose that hormone therapy might be used in the treatment of BRCA1 mutation carriers expressing the ERα/PgR -/HER2/ERβ phERα/PgR -/HER2/ERβ
Molecular change may be decoupled from phenotypic change in the sense that many changes in germline DNA may lead to vanishingly small changes in phenotype [ 18, 28], but mammalian molecular evolution is nevertheless a part of life history evolution, and the treatment of germline mutation rates as a component of life history deserves further attention.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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