Its mild climate, the lack of parks in its more dense areas and the propensity here to treat fitness a bit like performance art combine to make Los Angeles a municipal force in the art of improvised exercise.
We consider a population of individuals that have not yet reproduced, and therefore treat fitness and offspring phenotype not as fixed values, but as random variables, each having a distribution of possible fitness values.
Below, I present a general equation for directional evolutionary change that treats fitness and offspring phenotype as random variables, rather than numbers, but imposes no restrictions on the distributions associated with these random variables.
As long as the spectrum of deleterious phenotypic mutations does not change substantially among alleles 0, 1, and 2, we can treat its fitness effect as a common factor which we divide out of all fitness values.
The average similarity of all pairs of proteins corresponding to the edges of a chromosome is treated as fitness value of it.
All patients have to be screened by their treating surgeon for fitness to undergo liver surgery.
The fitness age test is geared toward achieving better fitness, not treating medical problems.
The platform awards you with points, the ability to level-up, badges and more to get you dedicated to your fitness and treating it like a game, rather than some arduous task you'd rather put off until never.
This also illustrates the value of treating offspring phenotype, like fitness, as a random variable.
Since BVs are estimated in a model without fitness (fitness is treated by the model as a missing trait), the resulting genetic selection gradient will be strongly biased towards the phenotypic selection gradient.
