However, unlike previous approaches in neuroimaging, the causal model ascribes responses to designed deterministic inputs, as opposed to treating inputs as unknown and stochastic.
Its core concept consists in treating input-output data collected from the plant to be controlled as if they had been obtained from a virtual experiment, in which a particular reference signal - the virtual reference - would have been applied to the closed-loop system.
However, it cannot directly treat input excesses and output shortages, which are termed "slacks".
Since we treat input as pictorial data, it is hard for character-based processing such as copying and replacing.
But fully-connected neural networks treat input words which are far apart the same as words which are close together in a sentence.
Such profile biomarker diagnosis approach actually demonstrates strong advantages over the existing biomarker discovery oriented diagnosis by treating input proteomic data as a profile biomarker.
Kinannote treats input as non-metazoan by default; the user must run Kinannote with the '-m' flag in the command line to classify TK group members normally in metazoans and their relatives (Supplementary File S1 and online documentation at sourceforge.net/projects/kinannote).net/projects/kinannote
R&D capital stocks and manpower are treated as inputs while patents and academic publications are considered as outputs.
The hypernutrified Colne estuary exhibits strong gradients of nutrient concentrations (nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, dissolved organic nitrogen) from river and treated sewage inputs at the top of the estuary, with concentrations decreasing towards the estuary mouth.
We test whether the estimation of the cost channel is affected when the price of imported inputs is considered; if it is relevant to extend the cost channel given that imports of final consumption goods are also paid in advance; if imports should be treated as inputs and/or consumption goods, and if there is an immediate or slow exchange rate pass-through.
The founders of the IEA considered the idea of assessing the strengths and weaknesses of educational practices in a worldwide "educational laboratory" in which national educational policies and practices would be treated as inputs and student achievements and attitudes would be treated as outputs.
