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Ever since Mark Twain mocked the pronoun confusions of "the awful German language" — a young girl is an "it" while a turnip is a "she" — most people, including linguists, have treated gender assignment as largely arbitrary and idiosyncratic, devoid of any cognitive content.
Witnesses told the inquiry that many GPs still treated gender dysphoria as a mental health condition and some even illegally denied healthcare to trans people "based on the fact that they do not agree with the choices that they have made".
In fact, issues related to gender differences have always been one of the important concerns in almost every research work (Liu [2004]; Li [2006]; Zheng and Li [2009]; Wu [2009]; Hao [2010]; Lu [2004]; Li [2009]; Ye and Wu [2011]; Wu [2012]), but most of the studies treated gender analytically and methodologically as an independent variable in the distribution process.
In other words, it treated gender non-conformance the same as gender dysphoria.
"If conference speakers were being chosen by a system that treated gender fairly (which is to say, gender was never a factor at all), then in any conference with over 10 speakers, say, it would be extremely rare to have no female speakers at all," mathematician Greg Martin told The Atlantic.
In our repeated measurements model we treated gender, birth order, date of delivery as well as maternal age, education, and smoking status as categorical variables, while both gestational age and maternal height were treated as continuous variables.
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But it's not just about trans issues, but about how we treat gender in general.
HOW do you feel about the way these schools treat gender?
And, while greater attention is finally being paid to social inequalities, there is a worrying tendency to treat gender as just one of many inequalities that generate poverty and exclusion.
But the police records, play scripts, song lyrics and photographs that Ernest Boulton, AKA Stella, left behind are a fascinating reminder that people had the nerve to treat gender as an experiment long before Caitlyn Jenner and Andrej Pejić made the news.
Although some feminist philosophers adhered to mainstream philosophical traditions and pursued women's issues within those frameworks, others were convinced that treating gender as a category of philosophical analysis would entail major modifications in the practice of philosophy.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com