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If the United States adopted a tradable permit system that treated emissions from domestic producers identically to emissions associated with imported goods, then products that are more emissions-intensive, whether domestic or imported, would require more permits and thus be more expensive.
Finnegan and Fouad considered the emissions from power plants for the first time in 1974 [2], where they treated emissions as a constraint within a permissible range.
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Analysts say some big oil firms, for example, treat emissions trading as a distraction from their main business.To complicate matters further, there are still some uncertainties about the legal regime for exchanging allowances and CERs across national borders.
This is justified in situations where REDD+ is seen as an instrument to maintain and enhance forest carbon stocks and thus any degradation and deforestation activity is to be treated as emission (Fig. 1).
Most epidemiology and toxicology has focused on specific pollutants (e.g., unspeciated PM or nitrogen dioxide) or treated complex emission exposure atmospheres as a single material.
However, since the land will continue to produce crops for several years, the carbon losses must be allocated over time, or treated as emission impulses to the atmosphere [ 8, 15, 16].
Based on the carbon emissions accounting published by the Australian Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, the model treats carbon emissions in three different ways.
The "ROB" model (based on Ref. [ 119]) treats primary emissions as semi-volatile species (SVOCs) that can evaporate from the particle phase after emissions and then react to form less volatile SOA.
Most of these studies have considered a unidirectional causal relationship, treating income, emissions, or institutions as exogenous variables [3 5].
Off-gas cleaning systems extract and treat hazardous emissions, and ensure that smelter operations are in accordance with environmental and industrial hygiene regulations.
An aboveground pilot-scale biofilter filled with wood chips was tested to treat ammonia emissions from a piggery located in Brittany Francee).
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