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Countries are treated as fixed effects using country indicator variables in the fixed part of the model (BCj).
It is believed that cultural norms are usually stable and can be treated as fixed over time.
In conducting our evaluations, we assumed inter-regional movements of tagged individuals could be treated as fixed (i.e., known) values.
Andean valley basins were treated as fixed sites of Spanish control and private property, whereas uplands featured fugitive qualities.
The shape of the evaporating thin-film is treated as fixed, or the constant substrate temperature (CST) thin-film model is used.
The soil structure interaction response of the tower has been compared with that of a tower whose supporting columns are treated as fixed at the base.
Iconoclastic, temperamental, and free from the constraints of society, these towering figures have been treated as fixed icons regardless of historical context or individual situation.
Site and replication within site were treated as random effects, while seedlot and silviculture were treated as fixed effects.
Replicate was included in the model as a random effect while treatment and height class were treated as fixed effects.
Specifically, CFPS investigated a total of 25 provinces; in the analysis, they are treated as fixed effects.
Both variables were treated as fixed categorical predictors.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com