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Only half of the studies specified the limit of detection (LOD), merely stating the value or including the procedure used to treat values below it.
Table 1 Characterization of initial effluents from piggery anaerobic digestion Parameter Pre-treated value (mean ± SD) After treatment valuea pH 8.6 ± 0.2 7.2 ± 0.5 Color (Abs.
This gave a numbers-needed-to-treat value of three (95% CI 2 to 3).
This gave a numbers-needed-to-treat value of 12 (95% CI 7 33).
The relative risk ratio of a tooth restored with a Hall crown having a 'Major' failure was 0.16 of that of a tooth restored conventionally, and gave a numbers-needed-to-treat value of 8 (95% CI = 5 – 17).
Error bars indicate standard error of the mean (X error = control values, Y error = treated values).
Or doesn't it amount to reasoning to a foregone conclusion, and to treating values as evidence (cf. Elliott 2011: 320112011
This means that history treats values only in so far as they are actually accepted by subjects so that certain objects are actually denoted as goods.
Asterisks above bars show significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) by Tukey's HSD of treated values compared to controls of the same initial AFB1 concentration.
The induction factor will be calculated by dividing treated values by the control ones.
We treated values lower than the LOD as missing for all analyses.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com