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For the wider European scene and the west, what has happened in Paris can only be a watershed and many will see it as a crude, violent, traumatic reminder of the fact we all still live in the post-9/11 era.
The shelled-shocked faces of Thomas and Daniel's parents are a traumatic reminder of our unfathomable world, and the weekend worries of other Australian parents are a legitimate consideration.
The authors used diesel odor as a very traumatic reminder of affective episodes for war veterans.
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But there were other troubling, if less traumatic reminders, too.
The antidote to the anxiety imposed by traumatic reminders, experts say, is not to avoid situations that recall the events -- a strategy that can make symptoms worse -- but to limit exposure when possible.
While many people gradually become desensitized to traumatic reminders -- Ms. Risutto, for example, said her responses to airplanes and loud noises were slowly diminishing -- other people's nervous systems remain hypersensitive, sometimes even after months or years have passed.
A study by Schnurr et. al. used prolonged exposure, a form of CBT that encourages patients to re-experience traumatic events repeatedly in an attempt to decrease their emotional response and to gradually confront safe but fear-evoking traumatic reminders.
Studies using functional imaging, compared responses of participants with and without PTSD while the participants were listening to their personal traumatic reminders.
One possibility to note is the impact of the PTSD diagnostic criteria requiring avoidance of traumatic reminders.
The SLC6A4 SNP rs16965628 and 5-HTTLPR are associated with a bias in neural responses to traumatic reminders and cognitive control of emotions in patients with PTSD.
The SLC6A4 SNP rs16965628 and 5-HTTLPR are associated with a bias in neural circuit responses to traumatic reminders and cognitive control of emotions in patients with PTSD.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com