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These symptoms include re-experiencing the trauma, avoidance, and increased anxiety or hyperarousal.
The first study was a small (n = 9) open-label, 12-week trial, which demonstrated significant pre post decreases in alcohol use severity (e.g., number of drinking days, number of drinks per day), as well as PTSD symptoms of re-experiencing the trauma, avoidance, and hyperarousal (Brady et al. 1995).
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These inconsistencies may have different explanations that are related to memory loss or mental health problems such as post-trauma avoidance reactions.
PTSD consists of three clusters of symptoms: re-experiencing (e.g., recurrent nightmares about trauma, flashbacks), avoidance (e.g., avoidance of trauma reminders), and hyperarousal (e.g., insomnia, hypervigilance) [ 1].
It's harm avoidance.
"Better safe than sorry" might be helpful legal advice when publishing articles dealing with difficult subject matter, but it's the same thinking that reinforces the damaging cycle of trauma: fear, avoidance, withdrawal, alienation.
The IES consists of 15 items, which measure intrusive re-experiences of the trauma and avoidance of trauma-related stimuli.
The IES is a self-report questionnaire that consists of 15 items, which measure intrusive re-experiences of the trauma and avoidance of trauma-related stimuli.
Frequent symptoms in the aftermath of such events include repetitive intrusive recollections of the trauma, persistent avoidance of trauma reminders, emotional numbing and hyperarousal – the core symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD [ 4].
Symptoms range from re-experiencing the trauma, persistent avoidance of reminders of the event, numbing of responsiveness, and persistent anxiety or hyper-arousal.
The first two are specific to the traumatic etiology of the disorder: re-experience of the trauma and avoidance of stimuli likely to remind the patient of the trauma.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com