The importance of transverse defects was also reflected in significantly higher rates of muscle asymmetry for the temporal (17.96%, P < 0.0000) and masseter muscles (17.10%, P < 0.0000, Figure 2) during maximum isometric contraction in patients with unilateral posterior crossbite.
Preaxial defects, for instance, can occur in the VATER association and in many genetic conditions, while transverse defects are usually isolated single defects in a family and may be caused by disruptive events in early pregnancy [ 17, 34].
But, on the other hand, spinal cord transverse defect was inevitable to give rise to much higher mortality, even with high level of postoperative nursing.
A relatively high transverse defect osteotomy, 10-mm-wide, at the transition of diaphysis and metaphysis was chosen as a fracture model.
Secondly, although researchers were proficient to operate SCD model, the boundary of lateral spinal cord defect was not so easy to control as that of spinal cord transverse defect.
The prevalence for transverse reduction defects was 3.9/10,000 births and for longitudinal reduction defects 2.4/10,000 (equal rates for preaxial and postaxial: 1.3/10,000).
A recent study in the USA found more longitudinal (3.5/10,000 births) than transverse reduction defects (1.9/10,000 births) for the periods 1972 1974 and 1979 2000 [ 3].
One reported phenotype is the Microgastria Limb Reduction complex [OMIM 156810], which features terminal transverse limb defects similar to those seen in Shh−/− mice, intestinal malrotation, esophageal and anal atresia, megacolon, abnormal lung lobation, heart defects, renal and CNS anomalies.
We also observed an association between maternal proximity to emissions of perchloroethylene and transverse limb defects in offspring, but the odds ratios were close to 1.0 for associations between trichloroethylene emissions and limb deficiencies in our study.
The paper presents analytical and numerical models describing localised transverse electric defect modes in a doubly periodic structure involving split ring inclusions.
We present a modified technique of a sloped skin island design to improve the reliability of the flap when used to reconstruct a longitudinal distal pretibial defect or transverse heel and ankle defect.
