P elements move to a new site through a non-replicative process, i.e., the cut-and-paste mechanism of transposition, in which the excised copy leaves behind a double-strand gap [ 32].
The class II elements transpose via a DNA intermediate that is either excised from its existing location via double-stranded cleavage followed by subsequent insertion elsewhere or by a phenomenon involving transposition in which only a single strand is cleaved (e.g., rolling circle replication, [ Kapitonov and Jurka 2001]).
During the Civil War the Union Army made extensive use of transposition ciphers, in which a key word indicated the order in which columns of the array were to be read and in which the elements were either plaintext words or code word replacements for plaintext.
Set A is a standard transposition reaction in which the components were incubated for 3 hr prior to the addition of Mg2+.
The remaining breakpoints are consistent with a transposition event, in which the transposed sequence is re-inserted elsewhere in the genome and in the inverse orientation compared to the reference.
Finally, we used equations 7 and 8 to estimate k2, the rate of synapsis, from k 1 ′.> These theoretical considerations allow us to develop a model of an idealized transposition reaction, in which the monomers within a transposase dimer bind the first and second transposon ends with equal affinity.
The importance of early nutrient delivery to the distal small bowel is clearly supported by ileal transposition experiments, in which a segment of the ileum is moved proximally to the duodenal-jejunal junction, leading to reduced food intake and weight loss without fat malabsorption and associated with increased glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY, and preproglucagon (23).
However, to be spread to subsequent generations, such selfish elements must be activated in the germ line; moreover, they should be restricted to these tissues to limit the mutagenic effects of transposition in soma, which may reduce the fitness of transgenic mosquitoes [ 12].
To check for changes in the transposition rate, we fit models in which transposition rates vary exponentially with time.
Correspondingly, we isolated several V. cholerae transposition insertion mutants in which CTXφ-integration was reduced.
Transposition reaction mixtures in which the catalytic Mg2+ ions are replaced by Ca2+ support transpososome assembly, but none of the chemical steps of the reaction.
