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Our present study revealed that sequential order of the three G-quadruplex loops, that is, loop transposition, could be a critical factor to determinate the G-quadruplex conformation and consequently improved the catalytic function of G-quadruplex based DNAzyme.
Several authors have suggested that bursts of transposition could be induced in colonization by the foreign, often stressful, environment faced by the founders of colonizing populations [ 10, 11].
Possible explanations for the overall relatively low frequency of ATDs transposition could be silencing effects due to double insertion of the ATDs element or chromosomal position of the original (donor) ATDs locus.
In conclusion, it appears fully reasonable that transposon activation, in terms of transcription and transposition, could be a major reaction of genomes to genetic and environmental stresses, thus representing a powerful adaptive response.
This observation does not necessarily imply that P element is not active in D. buzzatii as transposition could be restricted to the male germline or to other developmental stages different from those we studied here.
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Finally, known transposition mechanisms could be discussed in light of novel primary sequence data.
More robust estimates of transposition rates could be obtained from more extensive data, for example, by comparing orthologous insertion sites between close species.
The ancestral lineage of the sequenced individual is thus assumed to be representative of the whole species (i.e., recent transposition events could be different in another lineage, but their dynamics should be similar).
Another possibility is to imagine that even if colonisation induced local transposition it could be unnoticed owing to the time elapsed, especially if the TE eliminations are quick, as observed in the Helena element in genomes of D. melanogaster and D. simulans [ 48].
Previous studies reported that TE transposition activity could be induced under either biological or non-biological stress conditions [ 23]; mPing copy number was increased in three assay systems: long-term cell culture, anther culture, and plants derived from seeds with γ-irradiation [ 12- 14].
Given the extent of the cuts and transpositions, there could be no lingering over the development of character.
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