Moreover, many of these transporters were induced at significantly high fold changes, such as slr2131 encoding a RND multidrug efflux transporter up-regulated 12.87 fold at 72 h, and sll1428 encoding a probable sodium-dependent transporter up-regulated 32.0 folds.
Additional investigations are required to determine a possible role of nitrate efflux transmembrane transporter up-regulation in colonized roots.
In addition, 14 genes encoding proteins related to transporters were identified, including a gene encoding a sucrose transporter up-regulated in TW, and two aquaporin genes, Pt-TIP2.4 and Pt-PIP2.3.
Our data show that the Aβ efflux transporter up-regulation at the BCSFB occurs in a manner opposite to that in the BBB, suggesting a possible compensatory role for the CP in eliminating amyloid from the CSF, CP and brain in aging.
However, in XII, they formed two suboperons, with the first (Teth5141359-1360, encoding hypothetical protein and ABC transporter) up-regulated in XII-0% (vs XI-0XI-0%ile the second (Teth5141361, a hypothetical protein) not induced (Additional file 19F), suggesting dynamic operon as a mechanism for gene-specific upregulation within an operon.
Some of this difference might be explained by conformational flexibility of the noncovalently cross-linked helices in these simulations, the fact that two S H bonds exist in the mutated and reduced transporters (up to ∼1 Å each depending on the orientation), and the need for flexibility in the mutated structures to accommodate the employed oxidant.
Also, in hormone signaling, PIN transporters (up-regulated by 5.37-, 2.97-fold) play important roles in directional auxin distribution within tissues [ 83].
Authors observed that expression of the branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter was up to 16-fold higher as a result of stress.
The dopamine transporter ties up much of the free dopamine making it less available for retrograde inhibition.
ABC transporters make up a superfamily of primary active transporters found in almost all organisms and responsible for essential processes such as acquisition of nutrients, removal of hazardous molecules, and homeostasis of a wide variety of compounds.
