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As pfcrt is also a putative drug/metabolite transporter, changes in expression of various transporting molecules was probably not random, suggesting that mutations in PfCRT might disturb parasite transporting activities; and the parasites responded by altering expression of various transporters, particularly those transporting H+ and lipids.
Taken together, these data indicate that localized biometal transporter changes can occur independently of substantially altered cellular kinase activity.
As the heart was a site of significant biometal accumulation, we investigated whether localized biometal transporter changes could be detected.
By using fluorescent proteins to monitor how the shape of the transporter changes, Ho and Frommer were able to measure how structural mutations and regulatory proteins influenced the movement of nitrate and peptides through the membrane.
41,60 65 Experimental studies in rodents have uncovered a complex interplay of several regulatory pathways under control of FXR and other NRs that are activated by accumulating biliary constituents mediating these transporter changes.
Now, Ho and Frommer have exploited the fact that a transporter changes shape as it does its job to create sensors that can track the movement of nitrate and peptides through the cell membrane.
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Historically, drug resistance has been associated with over-expression of drug transporters, changes in drug kinetics or amplification of drug targets.
This may include changes in expression and function of drug metabolizing enzymes and active transporters, changes in cardiac output and organ perfusion, changes in acid base balance, and changes in the amount and composition of drug-binding plasma proteins and other blood components that may influence plasma protein binding.
For example, human liver slices can be maintained in culture, where the levels of many transporters change considerably, but the transporters involved in drug and bile acid transport such as NTCP, BSEP, several OATPs and MRPs remained fairly constant during 24 h of culture (Elferink et al. 2011).
Consequently, the currents relating to all transporters change.
Thus, we analyzed whether the expression of putative sugar transporters changed in the different samples.
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