The important aspects of carbonate ions to explore are the transportation (through solid or liquid or gas) and transformation (from gas to solid or liquid to gas or liquid to solid, and vice versa).
Specific hazards come with the transportation of solid bulk cargoes on bulk carriers.
In some select cases, pipelines can even transport solids, such as coal and other minerals, over long distances; short distance transportation of goods such as grain, cement, concrete, solid wastes, pulp etc. is also feasible.
Liquid-solid-phase separation of the digestate may be an option if transportation of solids is economically viable and the internal nutrient cycles can be closed.
Centrifugal pumps are being extensively used for hydraulic transportation of solids over short and medium distances through pipelines where the requirements of head and discharge are moderate.
In recent years, much attention has been given by scientists to the investigation of hydrogen-sorption and desorption properties of different materials, including nanocarbon structures and composites on their base, the study of peculiarities of the reversible hydrogen interaction with hydride forming metals and alloys, the development of high-pure hydrogen storage and transportation in solids.
Fuzzy inequality solid transportation problem is converted to parameter solid transportation problem by an appropriate choice of flexible index, and then the crisp solid transportation problem is solved by the algorithm (Cao in Optimal Models and Methods with Fuzzy Quantities, 2010) for decision values.
A solid transportation problem can be converted to a classical transportation problem by considering only a single type of conveyance.
First, a fuzzy inequality solid transportation problem has been converted to a parametric solid transportation problem using flexible index, and then the fuzzy inequality solid transportation problem has been solved by using the decision making technique.
The solid transportation problem (STP) is a generalization of the traditional transportation problem in which three-dimensional properties (supply, demand, convenience) are taken into account in the objective and constraint set instead of source and destination.
