Poor road conditions, improper truck maintenance, overloading, and inefficient transfer of grain are major causes of transportation losses.
Measures to avoid production-based conversion losses, total conversion and transportation losses in energy used all have social, national, economic and business relevance.
As ash thickness and ash-settling rates increase, alternative HIMs have less of an influence on surface transportation functionality loss.
The exploration of energization and radiation in geospace (ERG) project explores the acceleration, transportation, and loss of relativistic electrons in the radiation belts and the dynamics of storms in geospace (Miyoshi et al. 2012; Miyoshi et al. in review).
The scientific objectives of the mission include the understanding of the physical processes of acceleration, transportation, and loss of high-energy ((sim) MeV energy range) electrons in the inner magnetosphere, as well as understanding the evolution of geospace storms (Miyoshi et al. 2012, in review).
The research problem is to determine the best facility location that minimizes the total system cost, including initial facility investment and expected long-term operational cost from transportation and loss of service, when facilities are subject to probabilistic disruptions and customers use the trial-and-error strategy.
Although government health services are free, there are out-of-pocket expenses associated with transportation and loss of earnings.
Second, indirect costs (for example, transportation and loss of work) can contribute substantially to the economic burden of illnesses (13).
Interventions targeting the cost for transportation and loss of income are needed, as well as intervention reducing the burden of out-of-pocket payment for care.
In addition, the World Health Report 2010 highlights that in removing barriers to accessing health care, elimination of direct payments is necessary but is not sufficient alone; costs of transportation and loss of income can have more impact than direct payment of services (14).
