The results also suggest a new role for tip cell filopodia as conveyor processes for transporting MVs far from the cell of origin in a controlled microenvironment.
To investigate the mechanism of RNA transport by MVs, we evaluated the presence in MVs of selected ribonucleoproteins involved in the traffic of RNAs from nucleus to cytoplasm and in the RNA stabilization.
Importantly, the miR-214 sponge was not transported into MVs (Supplementary information, Figure S2C) and significantly decreased miR-214 levels in MVs (Supplementary information, Figure S2D).
To characterize the cell processes modulated by highly expressed miRNAs, we analyzed the potential targets associated with the most abundant miRNAs conserved in the cells and transported by MVs (Table 3).
The use of filter paper to transport and recover MV RNA has been described for blood samples [ 25, 24, 26].
We thus calculated the OCA2-mediated transport rate at 80 mV, where we measured the largest single-channel amplitude, and found a transport rate of ∼5.5 × 10 ions/s.
Interestingly, Sulfolobus MVs can transport antimicrobial proteins named sulfolobicins, which inhibit the growth of other Sulfolobus species [8], [12], [13].
The redox span across the entire electron transport chain is approximately 1100 mV, and the maximal pmf (protonmotive force) across the inner membrane is 180 220 mV [ 18– 218.
Here, 1 Sv (1 Sv ∈ 106 m3 s-1) of water transport results in approximately 18 mV of voltage across the cable.
The distinguishing property of PEI-GO compared to other vehicles is its ability to condense DNA at a low mass ratio (+ 49 mV) and effectively transport pDNA through the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
