A four-phase flow and transport formulation is needed to accurately model these EOR methods.
The Q3D sediment transport formulation used allows simulating beach profile evolution and planform development simultaneously.
The flame structure and flow pattern were calculated by implementing a complex chemistry and detailed transport formulation in an industrial computational fluid dynamics code (ESTET).
Sediment transport rates in the offshore and surf zone were computed using the sediment transport formulation proposed by Camenen and Larson [Camenen, B., Larson, M., 2005. A general formula for non-cohesive bed load sediment transport. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 63, 249-260.; Camenen, B., Larson, M., 2007. A unified sediment transport formulation for coastal inlet application.
A continuum-based reactive transport formulation has been adopted which accounts for multi-component reactivity under water saturated and diffusion-controlled mass transfer conditions.
Due to the few experimental data sets on sediment transport inside of rock layers, a sediment transport formulation has been proposed based on a matching between the numerical model and experimental data on the profile deformation inside an open filter.
Furthermore, if the friction factor and the transport efficiency (C) of the sediment transport formulation are kept the same in the uprush and backwash, accurate representation of profile evolution is not possible.
The transport formulation is based on principles of irreversible thermodynamics and accounts explicitly for coupling effects of hyperfiltration (ultrafiltration) and chemico-osmotic counter-advection associated with clay membrane behavior in the absence of electrical current.
It is then conjectured that, independent of the reduction method, the more reduced is a kinetic mechanism, the more accurate the transport formulation should be to ensure the preservation of the species/temperature functional relationship; due to the extensive investigation necessary to evaluate this conjecture, this activity is relegated to future studies.
Further it is also shown, expectably, that the functional relationship between mass fractions and temperature is different between 0D and 1D models, and it is different among 1D models having different molecular species-transport formulations.
