There are two kinds of secondary active transport: counter-transport, in which the two substrates cross the membrane in opposite directions, and cotransport, in which they cross in the same direction.
Many countries are striving to mechanize or even automate sorting, transport, and counter processes.
Electron transfer kinetics are primarily governed by the density of redox sites in the material while the intensity of voltammetric signals is mainly controlled by the transport of counter-anions in the confined space of mesopore channels.
The mechanism of preferential localisation to the uterus is not clear, although it seems likely that drugs administered via the vagina are absorbed into veins within the upper third of the vagina and then transported by counter-current exchange to the uterine arteries [25], [29], [30].
Na+ entry drives glutamate uptake through the plasma membrane glutamate transporters, and is used to counter transport H+ out of the cytosol via the Na+/H+ exchanger to regulate cytosolic pH (Deitmer, 2004).
But the transport secretary, Lord Adonis, countered their claims: "I welcome this court ruling.
Inset: transport number of counter ions as a function of average concentration of the solutions.
Thus, ZHP increases the transport number of counter-ions in the cation-exchange membrane.
The transport numbers of counter ions are higher than 0.5 (Figure 8).
At the same time, lower transport number of counter ions was found for the modified anion-exchange membrane.
In addition, spiro-OMeTAD and Pt- fluorine doped tin oxide are used as hole transport material and counter electrode, respectively.
