Globulin concentrations were unchanged (P > 0.05) (Table 4) in non-transported control animals (J 0), and in animals transported for 6 (J 6), 9 (J 9) and 18 h (J 18) compared with their pre-transport baselines.
There were transient increases in protein concentrations for the 6 h (J 6) and 9 h (J 9) treatments at 0 h and 1 h post-transport compared with their pre-transport baselines (P < 0.05).
There were transient increases in albumin concentrations in animals transported for 6 h (J 6) at 0 h post-transport (P < 0.05) and in animals transported for 9 h (J 9) at 0 h and 1 h post-transport compared with pre-transport baselines.
Animals transported for 6 h (J 6) had greater (P < 0.05) urea concentrations at 0 h to 12 h post-transport while the J 9 treatment had greater (P < 0.05) urea concentrations at 0 h, 1 h and 2 h post-transport compared with pre-transport baselines.
Urea concentrations had returned to pre-transport baseline values by 24 h post-transport in all animals.
a,b,within a row, means differ from pre-transport baseline (-0.25 h pre-transport) at P < 0.05.
Total protein concentrations increased with journey duration in transported animals, however, by 12 h post-transport concentrations had returned to pre-transport baseline levels.
The results of this study indicate that the provision of a rest period of up to 24 hours post-transport with animals having access to feed and water should be optimal for animals to recover to their physiological pre-transport baseline.
For modeling the turbulence, the turbulence models of k ε, k ω, Menter's shear stress transport (SST), and baseline Reynolds stress model (BSL-RSM) were applied for the liquid (continuous) phase.
A larger scale of research in different locations with different baseline transport modes needs to identify how common or how location dependent are the public views and attitudes to UTO.
For lactate and oxygen transport variables only baseline and end values were used.
